SmartVista Back-Office considers any financial message, which is related to the same original transaction and is not a First Presentment, as part of a Dispute. In addition to providing the GUI forms to view, enter and respond to such messages, the Disputes and Exceptions module has workflow capabilities that allow tracking each Dispute individually and guide the operator through the dispute handling process. New messages for a given Dispute may only be generated if they make sense according to the clearing cycle logic. The system will also prompt the user to applying required fees where necessary. Similar capabilities are available for disputes regarding penalty fees.